Did Jesus turn the water into wine or into grape juice?

Some fundamentalist interpreters argue that Jesus couldn’t have turned the water into wine, because the Bible speaks against drunkenness. Commentator Martin Hengel speaks of the “profane nature of the miracle.” Thus Jesus must have turned the wine into grape juice, or else he diluted the remaining wine with water. Is this the case?

Jesus did not dilute the remaining wine with water, because the text tells us that there was no remaining wine (“when the wine ran out” verse 3). Moreover, the text explicitly speaks of the “water which had become wine” (v.9).

The notion that Jesus created grape juice is equally untenable. In the text, the wine steward believed that the people already had too much to drink (v.10). He uses the Greek word “drunk freely” (methuskō). Carson writes, “The verb methuskō does not refer to consuming too much liquid, but to inebriation.” It means “cause to become intoxicated” or to “get drunk” (BDAG, p.625). Moreover, the Greek term “wine” (oinos) doesn’t refer to grape juice—especially in a day and age where refrigeration was unknown! In Ephesians 5:18, Paul writes, “Do not get drunk with wine (oinos).” Is it possible to get drunk off of grape juice?

Furthermore, the ancient practice of diluting wine has been greatly exaggerated. For instance, Robert Stein argues, “The ratio of water to wine varied. Homer (Odyssey IX, 208f.) mentions a ratio of 20 to 1, twenty parts water to one part wine.” However, Homer’s claim was made to explain the exaggerated potency of the wine. He was saying something like, “This stuff was so good, we could dilute it 20 times over… and it was still strong enough to drink!” Moreover, Homer’s material in the Odyssey is fictional and exaggerated. Thus, it shouldn’t be taken too literally. Ancient references to diluting wine with water (2:1 or 3:1) are reasonable, but not 20:1 as Homer’s Odyssey (Odyssey IX. 208). A two to one (or three to one) ration would make ancient wine similar to the strength of a modern domestic beer.

Finally, the claim that wine was used to purify dirty water is fallacious. Fundamentalists often argue that the ancients drank wine only because they didn’t have clean drinking water. However, their claim is also that they diluted the wine with dirty water (10:1 or 20:1)! How would wine purify dirty drinking water? No such practice is known today, nor was it ever used in ancient times. We agree with Gerald Borchert who writes, “If one abstains from alcohol, as I do, it should not be based on twisting biblical texts.” For more on whether or not Christians should be permitted to drink, see comments on 1 Timothy 5:23.